Wikipedia: Tajikistani Civil War 1992-1997

The report states that the Tajikistani Civil War was an armed conflict between 5 May 1992 and 27 June 1997, in which regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions rose up against the government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which the report describes as dominated by elites from Khujand and Kulob. According to the report, the rebel coalition combined liberal democratic reformers and Islamists and later organised under the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), while the government was supported by Russian military and border guards and by Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The report gives casualty estimates of between 20,000 and 150,000 killed, with around 1.2 million refugees internally or externally displaced, equivalent to roughly 10-20 percent of the population. The report records that on 7 September 1992 Nabiyev was forced by opposition protesters at gunpoint to resign and that Kulobi Popular Front militias, with Russian and Uzbek backing, conducted what Human Rights Watch described as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiri and Garmi civilians, concentrated in Qurghonteppa, involving mass killings, village burnings and mass expulsions into Afghanistan. The report also states that at least 40 Tajik journalists were killed, and that the war ended with the 27 June 1997 General Agreement on Peace and National Accord, signed in Moscow by President Emomali Rahmon, UTO leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and UN Special Representative Gerd Merrem.